It is characterized by a progressive annual increase in total swimming volume and general physical land-exercises. This stage of MYT is the most important for the development of aerobic capabilities of young swimmers. Formation of a positive attitude toward regular training.Perfection of technical swimming skills in all strokes with gradual specialization in at least two strokes.Identification of the most gifted young swimmers on the basis of morphological criteria, indications of endurance, and pulling strength of a general and specific nature.Development of general motor abilities and a functional foundation for swimming. Normally, this stage lasts from 3-4 years. The average age to begin the Stage of Basic Training is 9-10 years for girls and 10-11 years for boys. The frequency of practices should gradually increase from 3 to 5-6 per week which automatically leads to an increase in the total training load and an increase in both swimming and general physical fitness. The important content of this stage is learning basic swimming techniques while employing a large number of preparatory and special exercises with a major accent on enjoyment. Learning of basic swimming techniques and a wide variety of motor skills.Formation of a stable interest toward swimming.Identification of basic morphological criteria (e.g., body type, proportions, height, weight, buoyancy) and some elementary characteristics of motor talent for swimming.The Stage of Preliminary Sport Preparation Objectives The duration of this preliminary sport preparation is 1-2 years. A too-early start also may lead to an early loss of interest in swimming as a competitive sport. Beginning earlier will simply increase the total duration and cost of MYT without any significant eventual benefit because of the very slow physical growth and development of children within the age range of 5-8 years. The optimal age to initiate MYT for swimming is 7-9 years for girls and 8-10 years for boys. THE STAGE OF PRELIMINARY SPORT PREPARATION Four stages of MYT are commonly proposed and are the foundation for planning of training for young swimmers (Bulgakova, 1986 Nabatnikova, 1982 Vorontsov, Chebotareva, & Solomatin, 1990).ฤก. Each stage has its own objectives primarily determined by the peculiarity of development and maturity. In accordance with known patterns of growth and development of motor and psychological abilities, MYT to the time when excellence should be achieved is subdivided into several stages. The duration of MYT may differ between individuals according to the age when they start training and their rate of biological maturation. Thus, the extent of long-term training should cover a period from 10-12 years since the average age for commencing purposeful training should be 8-9 years for girls and 10-11 years for boys. The current age range for top achievements in swimming is 17-20 years for females and 19-22 years for males. The ultimate goal of MYT is the optimal development of motor abilities, functional power, physiological capacities, and movement efficiency. Multi-year Training (MYT) is necessary to achieve top international level performances in competitive swimming. DEVELOPMENT OF BASIC AND SPECIAL ENDURANCE IN AGE-GROUP SWIMMERS
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